The topic of loneliness is increasingly becoming the focus of science and politics. What you know about it – and what you can do about it.
If the circle of friends dwindles, partners die, their health no longer supports them or they don’t have the money to go to the cinema or to restaurants, older people in particular can quickly slip into loneliness. A feeling that Helga Müller from Berlin-Tempelhof also knows. Her daughter lives in Athens, her friends are sick, deceased or have moved away. “I go out every day, shop and do my gymnastics, but I don’t have someone to talk to,” says the 85-year-old.
For almost two years now, the pensioner has been able to look forward to one extensive conversation per week. The “Friends of Older People” association, which is active in various large cities, put her in touch with Jan Römmler, a visiting mentor. “I want to use my time sensibly and give it to others,” says the 50-year-old trained chef and early retiree. You can see Helga Müller’s joy. She beams when Römmler picks her up for a walk.
Family Minister wants to shed more light on the topic
The topic of loneliness is increasingly becoming the focus of politics and science. In June 2022, Family Minister Lisa Paus (Greens) gave the go-ahead for a “strategy against loneliness”. “The aim is to shed more light on the topic in Germany and to counteract loneliness more effectively,” explains Axel Weber from the “Loneliness Competence Network” (KNE), which provides scientific support to the ministry.
A study by the KNE states that before the Covid-19 pandemic, around 14 percent of people in Germany were lonely. During the pandemic, the proportion rose to 42 percent in 2021. However, all people who stated that they felt lonely at least sometimes were counted.
“A minority feels permanently lonely. Most people feel safe,” says loneliness researcher Maike Luhmann from the Ruhr University in Bochum. She assumes that around five percent of the population are chronically lonely.
It is not yet known how the number of lonely people has developed since the corona pandemic. Statistics are generally difficult. “There is no measurable definition. In science, loneliness is defined as a condition in which social relationships do not meet people’s expectations. This point is somewhere different for each person,” says Luhmann.
Loneliness research is still in its infancy
Nor can it be said that the number of lonely people has increased in recent decades. “We don’t know how lonely people were 20, 30 or 50 years ago,” says Luhmann. Loneliness research is still in its infancy in Germany. Today many people live alone. But that doesn’t automatically mean that they feel lonely.
The KNE wants to bundle the existing knowledge about loneliness and generate new knowledge. Among other things, according to Weber, the scientists are developing a loneliness barometer in order to obtain data on the phenomenon in different population groups, which can also be compared over time.
Loneliness can make you ill: “Loneliness hurts. In chronic loneliness, the same areas are activated in the brain as in pain,” says psychologist Luhmann. There is no clinical diagnosis in the classic sense for the feeling and no therapies or medication. We know, however, that loneliness is associated with great risks. Chronic loneliness can promote both mental and physical illnesses such as depression, coronary heart disease, strokes or heart attacks.
Permanent stress in constant alert
“We are social animals and made to live in groups with others and to function particularly well there. Loneliness is not programmed in our bodies and souls at all,” adds Eva Peters, specialist in psychosomatic medicine and psychotherapy at the University of Giessen. The feeling of loneliness means constant stress for the body because it is on constant alert. The social environment is missing as a buffer for possible dangerous situations.
Another danger is the lack of intellectual challenge. “If there is no interaction and stimuli, the brain atrophies like unused muscle. This can be the beginning of Alzheimer’s and dementia,” says Peters.
“Loneliness can really eat you up from the inside,” observes visiting godfather Jan Römmler. So Helga Müller made a stunted impression at first. “In the meantime, she has really blossomed,” is Römmler’s assessment.
Politics is required
One of the most important measures against loneliness from Luhmann’s point of view: prevention. “Especially with older people you have to think a lot in this direction, encourage them, if they can still do it, to take care of their social relationships, to build up a network.”
Above all, politics is in demand, for example in the design of public space. “Places and buildings must be designed in such a way that they are accessible to everyone. In the end, it’s always about participation.” She also sees a great opportunity in digitization for older people, says Luhmann. Helga Müller, for example, has neither a smartphone nor the internet. She became aware of the Friends of Older People’s Association through an article in a tenants’ magazine.